Rankine, Harriet. The multi-purpose curved wooden tray can be used for carrying infants, food, digging and for burning leaves during smoking/cleansing ceremonies. Yowie: Is one of many words to describe a much feared super-natural being. You have entered an incorrect email address! Not sure where it originated https://www.welcometocountry.org/26-aboriginal-words-australians-should-know/ []. Austkin is a database on Australian Aboriginal kinship and social organization or social category systems such as sections, moieties, subsections etc. Dieri, Parnkalla and Kaurna were well documented by missionaries, but little is known about a number of others, such as Peramangk from the Adelaide Hills. The Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority (NRA) is the peak representative body of the Ngarrindjeri people. Jamieson, 42, who is from Western Australia, says it was important to capture the customs of the Ngarrindjeri who are the . It was claimed by colonists that the nets they made for fishing were superior to those used by Europeans. It roughly translates into am I right/is that right/true or the way some people use the word yeah as a question (thats your deadly car, yeah?) (ABC News: Gabriella Marchant) Ngarrindjeri woman Pauline Ngopamaldi Walker is a graduate of Adelaide training provider Time Education and Training's first certificate to be specially tailored to Aboriginal language teaching.. Hat Club Beer Pack Brewers, Including historical facts and photographs, it will leave you with an understanding of the Ngarrindjeri ancestry and the influences that have impacted on this tribal group. Ngurunderi is one of the great ancestral Dreaming 'heroes' of the Ngarrindjeri people. His work spans performance, traditional dance and song, cultural advice, and arts and crafts, such as wood carving, and martial arts techniques using his handcrafted traditional shields, clubs, boomerangs and spears. One definition is "a fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children." While this definition is a good starting point, several modern family structures are excluded by this definition, such as childless couples, friends as family, or many other . This page was last edited on 21 January 2023, at 18:55. Major Sumner AM is a world renown performer and cultural ambassador of Ngarrindjeri arts, crafts, martial arts and traditional culture. down to around 1840CE. Songs from the time tell of the smallpox that came out of the Southern Cross in the east with a loud noise like a bright flash. Yidaki: Is the Yolngu name for Didgeridoo. Some species were clustered together under a single term, while others had separate gender-specific names. of Anthropology, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000. [17], The following words are from the Ngarrindjeri language:[18], These are words for animals extinct since European colonisation:[19]. [7] The work of Lutheran missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schrmann in the early days of the colonisation of South Australia have contributed enormously to the revival of both Ngarrindjeri and Kaurna. Country of Publication Australia. [35] This effectively guaranteed the land rights of Aboriginal people under force of law; however, this was interpreted by the colonists as simply meaning Aboriginal peoples could not be dispossessed of sites they permanently occupied. I hope this list of ngarrindjeri terms was useful to you in some way or another. Adamant that only death would separate him from his land, Karloan travelled to Adelaide to seek help, but returned to his former home in Pomberuk on 2 February 1943. Ngarrindjeri dictionary : third (complete) edition. The Ngarrindjeri are a nation of eighteen "tribes" consisting of numerous family clans who speak similar dialects of the Ngarrindjeri language and are the traditional Aboriginal people of the lower Murray . Act as the trustee under any trust established for the benefit of the Ngarrindjeri people, This page was last edited on 13 December 2022, at 15:37. What if an overseas tourist asked you how to say hello using an Aboriginal word; Would you have an answer? Deadly to Aboriginal people means excellent/amazing/really good. Some species were clustered together under . They are sometimes referred to as groups or chunks. In 1999 for the Journey of Healing, 46 languages were identified on sticks, now located at Yaitya Warra Wodli (South Australia's Aboriginal Language Centre in suburban Prospect). Five dialects have been distinguished by a 2002 study: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi (or Yaralde Tingar). Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. The Ponawi Yarning hopes to provide continuing support to affected families through creative social engagement and community gathering. [4] The missionary George Taplin chose it, spelling the term as Narrinyeri,[5] as a generic ethnonym to designate a unified constellation several distinct tribes, and bearing the meaning of "belonging to people", as opposed to kringgari (whites). The Ngurunderi Dreaming. For example, at, cat, hat, and fat are a family of words with the "at" sound and letter combination in common. The Ngarrindjeri and their supporters took the decision as a vindication, and many organisations subsequently apologised. About the Authors 138. As part of our ongoing groundbreaking cross-cultural partnership with Ngarrindjeri, Change Media has worked with the Ngarrindjeri Media Team, headed up by Luke Trevorrow, Clyde Rigney and Laurie Rankine Jnr, and the wider Ngarrindjeri community, to create a video to represent . This literature largely takes the form of hand-made books produced by students and teachers as . Children sat and watched and sometimes we joined in. ? General Index 132. The body was then called grinkari, a term that they used to refer to the Europeans in the first years of settlement. Budoo: Penis! Indicative, Imperative Subjunctive Examples, The aim is to make searches for words in the Ngarrindjeri language and their English meanings a relatively painless 2 A couple of dedicated teachers such as Greg Albrecht . Some species of fish, birds and other animals considered easily caught were reserved by law for the elderly and infirm, an indication of the abundance of food in Ngarrindjeri lands. Ngarrindjeri Miminar Gathering, October 2-4, 2007 105. You may be wondering about the huge areas of land that the above names did not cover and to put it simply, Aboriginal people in those areas of Central/Northern & Western Australia still identify themselves by their individual tribal groups. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Tidda: Simply means sister and can also be used for female friends. Hartford Golf Club Members, He serves as a Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority board member, as a board member of Black Dance Australia, and as the artistic director of the Tal Kin Jeri dance group. Five dialects have been distinguished by a 2002 study: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi (or Yaralde Tingar ). Lets take a look at some of the most commonly used words by Aboriginal people in Australia. At that time the river was only a small stream, below the junction with the Darling River. In 2004 - 2005 a Draft school language curriculum was compiled comprising Ngarrindjeri words, with minimal grammar. On 7 July 2010, in a ceremony at the foot of the bridge, the Government of South Australia endorsed the finding that "Secret Women's Business" was genuine. Can you use some of the words in the comments? ABSTRACT This paper is a literature-based study concerning avian nomenclature of the Ngarrindjeri language formerly spoken in the Lower Murray River region of temperate South Australia. Thanks for using the site - I hope it is useful to you! Flora included the native orchid (leek orchid), guinea flower and swamp wattle (Wirilda). Find Commonly Used Ngarrindjeri Words by Melissa at Blurb Books. Some species were clustered together under a ethno-ornithology; single term, while others had separate gender . He died the following morning. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with kaurna, and as . Have a nice day! [citation needed] Pomberuk (Ngarrindjeri for crossing place), on the banks of the Murray in Murray Bridge was the most significant Ngarrindjeri site. The thing that makes this project different to Just enter the word in the field and the system will display a block of anagrams and unscrambled words as many as possible for this word. The words down here at the bottom of the list will be in some way associated with ngarrindjeri, but perhaps tenuously (if you've currenly got it sorted by relevance, that is). [15]:198 However, in revitalized Ngarrindjeri, both rhotics "are pronounced unlike English". Words include: pack, back, rack, jack, snack, and black. Grade Preschool, Kindergarten. The Ngarrindjeri people: Aboriginal people of the River Murray, Lakes and Coorong, 1990. May 25, 2022 - Explore Becci Tuckwell's board "Aboriginal Ngarrindjeri" on Pinterest. Berndt, Berndt & Stanton (1993) wrote: "The appropriate traditional categorisation of the whole group was Kukabrak: this term, as we mention again below, was used by these people to differentiate themselves from neighbours whom they regarded as being socio-culturally and linguistically dissimilar. In 2010 he initiated the inaugural Ringbalin Murrundi Rover Spirit project, reigniting the ceremonial fires along ancient trade routes of the Darling and Murray Rivers, which is continuing as an annual arts project. Noongar: Noongars (Nungas/Nungahs) are Aboriginal people from the South West of the Australian mainland. Students can use the Little Explorers Picture Dictionary to look for more words that belong to word families. In Ngarrindjeri Nation Kartinyeri provides a genealogy of Aboriginal families, and those with long-term historic links, who have descended from Ngarrindjeri people. Looking for the right words to describe family? (123 votes) Very easy. Taplin construed this as a centrally administered, hierarchical government representing tribal estates (ruwe), and one which was delegated to administer eighteen independent territories.[40]. /i/ when preceding retroflex consonant, can be heard as central [], /u/ when occurring after a trill consonant in closed syllables can be heard as central []. The Ngarrindjeri people: Aboriginal people of the River Murray, Lakes and Coorong, 1990. Dotted throughout the sandy landscape are middens - mounds of shells deposited from many years of fishing. Gale, Mary-Anne. Dit is iets wat onder Aborigines nauwelijks voorkomt. [16], Following the colonisation of South Australia and the encroachment of Europeans into Ngarrindjeri lands, Pomberuk remained until the 1940s, the last traditional campsite with the remaining Aboriginal occupants forced to leave in 1943 by the new land owners, the Hume Pipe Company, and resettled by the local council and South Australian government. [9][10], The third, expanded edition of the dictionary, again compiled by Gale and Williams, was published by AIATSIS in 2020. Open Document. Some family groups banned eating them, some could eat them only if they had been caught by members of another family group and some had no restrictions. Foods with supernatural sanctions were limited to bats, white owls and certain foods that were ngarambi only to women or to pregnant women. Learn how your comment data is processed. Enter letters or word Solve. Fri, 06 Sep 2019. The loss of South Australia's linguistic heritage can be attributed to population loss and colonial and assimilationist policies. radcliff ky city council candidates 2020 DownloadFREE Worksheet. George Taplin observed a mustering of 500 Ngarrindjeri warriors, and was told by another resident that as many as 800 had gathered seven years earlier. and David Unaipon College of Indigenous Education and Research. Have your child color and cut out the pages along the dotted lines. Por favor, confirme su edad. All 18 lakinyeri (tribes) would meet there for corroborees. The dictionary defines family in several ways. Then in the mid 1990s some schools started teaching Ngarrindjeri, but still it was putting words into English sentences. Kungun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan (KNY . 2. Twitter. The term Ngarrindjeri means "belonging to men",[1] and refers to a "tribal constellation". Famous Ngarrindjeri. [16], The Yaralde had the southernmost attested Australian Aboriginal sign language. By default, the words are sorted by relevance/relatedness, but you can also get the most common ngarrindjeri terms by using the menu below, and there's also the option to sort the words alphabetically so you can get ngarrindjeri words starting with a particular letter. [12], In 2021 the first students of the first training course to be specially tailored to the teaching of Aboriginal language, run by Tauondi Aboriginal College in Port Adelaide, graduated, and are now able to pass on their skills to the community. 1", "Hunter-gatherer social complexity at Roonka Flat, South Australia", "Status of Indigenous Languages in South Australia", "From the banks of the Murray River, where it enters Lake Alexandrina to the Embouchure of that river and Lacepede Bay", "Dorothy Ann Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs", Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part), Wapma ThuraSouthern Flinders Ranges National Park, Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park, Aangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981, List of native title claims in South Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngarrindjeri&oldid=1127225640, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from December 2022, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Eastern side of Lake Alexandrina around Point Malcolm. If you just care about the words' direct semantic similarity to ngarrindjeri, then there's probably no need for this. [13][14], Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann suggests that the original pronunciation of Ngarrindjeri had two distinct rhotic consonants: the first was rr (as in Italian) and the second was r (as in English). Tom Trevorrow took his responsibility for . Every member of a lakinyeri is related by blood and it is forbidden to marry another member of the same lakinyeri. Jul 15th, 2021 Published. p.s. Canberra is actually the word for meeting place in the local Ngunnawal language. In 2011, Major 'Moogy' Sumner crafted the first Ngarrindjeri bark canoe [Moogy's Yuki] on Ngarrindjeri/ Boandik country in South East SA since over 100 years, reconnecting his communities with the traditional art of canoe-building, while using a high-tech cherry picker to get up the tree. They can occur in the prefix, the suffix, or in the root word itself. Elders taught children about the stars, the land, food, plants, medicinal plants, the ways to hunt and gather their foods and their knowledge of family history. The top 4 are: murray bridge, south australia, catherine berndt, ramindjeri and murray river. Adelaide: Miwi-inyeri Pelepi-ambi Aboriginal Corporation (MIPAAC). Hence, in 2003 the Ngarrindjeri Dictionary Project was born. Funeral rites and cultural practices were disrupted, family groups merged and land use became altered. [21], As a result of the Australia-wide 19952009 drought, water levels in Lakes Albert and Alexandrina dropped to the extent that traditional burial grounds, which had been under water, were now exposed. Fri, 06 Sep 2019. [3], Tanganekald, also known as Thangal,[4] is now extinct. The lakinyerar in turn comprised 77 clan (family) groups in the 1930s, each with its own distinct dialect. Near the confluence of the Murray River with Lake Alexandrina is Murungun (Mason's Hill), home to a bunyip called Muldjewangk. Ngarrindjeri dictionary / compiled by Mary-Anne Gale with the elders Eileen McHughes . Some good words to add (in columns) are: and, band, hand, land, sand, stand, ant, can't, pant, plant, rant . Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Aboriginal swear words. Meyer in 1843. Easy. A Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal suffixing language spoken by the Ngarrindjeri people. [5], In 1864, the publication of the Ngarrindjerri Bible was the first time portions of the Bible were translated into an Aboriginal language. Manage land of cultural significance to the Ngarrindjeri people, and to hold any interest in such land as trustee or otherwise on their behalf. Ngarrindjeri language. Buy Ngarrindjeri Nation: Genealogies of Ngarrindjeri Families by Kartinyeri, Doreen (ISBN: 9781862547254) from Amazon's Book Store. Gammon: Can mean fake (hes gammon, he thinks hes good but hes never played football in his life), pathetic (this didgeridoo from Indonesia is gammon, a garden hose would sound better), or to pretend (Just gammon mum, I wasnt really trying to sneak out). Elders taught children about the stars, the land, food, plants, medicinal plants, the ways to hunt and gather their foods and their knowledge of family history. Menu and widgets You can highlight the terms by the frequency with which they occur in the written English language using the menu below. Ngarrindjeri for smarties : some useful words & phrases to speak Ngarrindjeri in everyday situation. Ngarrindjeri word under one entry, so that every representation of that word can be easily compared. After hearing that the Aboriginal settlement was to be cleared, Ronald and his wife Catherine Berndt, who were researching Aboriginal culture in the area, approached the last Chief Protector of Aborigines, William Penhall, and obtained a verbal promise that the clearance would not proceed as long as the senior Ngarrindjeri elder, 78-year-old Albert Karloan (Karloan Ponggi), was living. After European settlement, Ngarrindjeri were employed in seasonal work and continued hunting and gathering to supplement their diet. Poltpalingada Booboorowie (Tommy Walker), a popular Adelaide personality in the 1890s. Roland Wenzel Carter (1892-1960), soldier and community leader, was a proud Ngarrindjeri man and dedicated leader who made a significant lifelong contribution to the Ngarrindjeri community in South Australia. You will get a list that begins with 3 letters and ends with 8 or more letters. [44] Family groups could also change their lakinyeri, Berndt found that two Tangani family groups who lived close to a Yaraldi family group had picked up their dialect and were thus now considered to be Yaraldi.[46]. Variations of this name are also used in areas of South Australia too. In the Preface to the New Edition, Diane Bell looks to the world that "will be", where talented, committed Ngarrindjeri leaders are building the infrastructure for future generations of the Ngarrindjeri nation and challenging the very foundation of the State of . If you don't find what you're looking for in the list below, or if there's some sort of bug and it's not displaying ngarrindjeri related words, please send me feedback using this page. Category:Ngarrindjeri noun forms: Ngarrindjeri nouns that are inflected to display grammatical relations other than the main form. kathleentaylormedia, melancholy queen of the ash hello, fear, https://www.welcometocountry.org/26-aboriginal-words-australians-should-know/. [8], There were 312 speakers of Ngarrindjerri recorded in the 2016 Australian census. All our stories and music were passed on at the night corroborees. [Wingfield, South Australia] : Print Junction. Suggested Use: Introduce the word family by reading the title page (bottom right corner) . Information and translations of Ngarrindjeri in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. [36] The nets, made by chewing the roots of bulrush (Typha shuttleworthii) until only the fibre remained which was spun into threads by the women to be then woven into nets by the men, were "considered to be a sort of fortune to its owner". Print a matching game, a reading slider, a word wheel, flashcards, and a mini-book to help students learn to read words in the -ack word family. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (Lookout doing a shakealeg with a laplap on, ya budoo might come out). ", The last fluent speaker of Ngarrindjerri died in the 1960s, but there have been attempts to revive the language in the 21st century, including the release of a Ngarrindjeri dictionary in 2009. Protects The Superior Opening Of The Larynx, Ngarrindjeri and modern European Australian classification systems for birds were structurally different. Go to the shop Go to the shop. An extinct language formerly spoken by the Ngarrindjeri people of the lower Murray River, western Fleurieu Peninsula, and the Coorong of southern, central Australia. Woomera: Is one of our most fascinating inventions. [7] It implied that those outside the group were not quite human. Each clan's tendi in turn would convene to elect a rupulli, or chieftain of the entire Ngarrindjeri confederacy. Ngarrindjeri name numerology is 1 and here you can learn how to pronounce Ngarrindjeri, Ngarrindjeri origin and similar names to Ngarrindjeri name. [41] The following reproduces Howitt's version of that list with, where possible, the location and totem. In the Dreaming, Ngurunderi travelled down the Murray River in a bark canoe, in search of his two wives who had run away from him. The definition of Family is See additional meanings and similar words. However, the term Narrinyeri has been used consistently in the literature and by Aborigines today who recognise a common descent from original inhabitants of this region-- even though their traditional identifying labels have been lost.". [8], Later ethnographers and anthropologists have disagreed with Taplin's construction of the tribal federation of 18 lakinyeri (clans). His company performs regularly at festivals, events and community celebrations. Such Ngarrindjeri words and expressions are used in everyday Nunga speech as a secret code that just Nungas understand. (Australian Indigenous languages, Aboriginal languages, First Nations languages . The language of the Australian Aboriginal group native to the lower Murray River and Coorong area of Australia. Ngarrindjeri elders then led a symbolic walk across the bridge. Local Government Centre mosaic sculpture which tells the Ngarrindjeri Dreamtime story of how the River Murray was created. and Burton, Luke. Murrundi voices: Ngarrindjeri people's stories from the Lower Murray . Cockles or "kuti" have been a staple in the diet of Ngarrindjeri families for tens of thousands of years, and now they are getting involved in the business of shuffling for the in-demand . Ngarrindjeri terms that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas. [22], The first linguistic study of Ngarrindjeri dialects was conducted by the Lutheran missionary H.A.E. It provides a deeper understanding of lives profoundly affected by two centuries of colonization. Words from 100 Indigenous languages are in the new edition of the Australian National Dictionary - reflecting a heightened interest in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture. [26], While an established Dreaming existed, the various family groups each had their own variations. Ze leven in het gebied rond de rivier de Murray in Zuid-Australi. Its purpose is to: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Below is a list of ngarrindjeri words - that is, words related to ngarrindjeri. McDonald (2002) distinguishes five dialects: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi. University of Adelaide linguist Robert Amery and his wife, Mary-Anne Gale, have helped to drive the project. You can also filter the word list so it only shows words that are also related to another word of your choosing. MINT - a NEW copy. Rankine, Harriet. Those are the major modern day grouping names for Aboriginal people. 1 Page Worksheet. Aboriginal words for hello: One of the most common questions non Indigenous people like to ask is: how to say hello in Aboriginal? If you have any feedback for the site, please share it here, but please note this is only a hobby project, so I may not be able to make regular updates to the site. Use it for writing poetry, composing lyrics for your song or coming up with rap verses. Ngarrindjeri and modern European Australian classification systems for birds were structurally different. Gubba actually comes from the word government and is used mostly in a derogatory manner. Unlike the rest of Australia, the W Ngarrindjeri . Cultural activities . It's a father figure." family quote is printed on a t-shirt with personalized art! Robust, professional packaging and tracking provided for all parcels. The straight section of river to Peindjalong (near Tailem Bend) resulted from Pondi fleeing in fear after being speared in the tail. The Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority (NRA) is the peak regional organisation of the Ngarrindjeri. [4] The Berndts argued that, despite cultural links, there was no political unity to warrant the "nation" or "confederacy".[11]. [4] According to Tindale, a close evaluation of his material suggests that his data pertains basically to the Jarildekald/Yaralde culture,[10] and he limited their borders to Cape Jervis, whereas Berndt and his wife Catherine Berndt argued that the Ramindjeri component lived in proximity to Adelaide. The lakinyerar in turn comprised 77 clan (family) groups in the 1930s, each with its own distinct dialect. Well thats all for this article. Poems About The American Dream Dying, 26 Aboriginal Words All Australians Need to Know, 13 y.o Aboriginal Boy Kidnapped & Bashed by Police, Crayola set to release new colours of the world crayons with, Australian bus driver refuses to take Aboriginal students to school, White Supremacist engulfed in flames after pouring petrol on Synagogue, Digital Genocide: Ash Bartys race repeatedly removed by modern day colonisers, Aboriginal people: the fastest on the planet, Australian Rugby Union finds winning formula through Indigenous pride, Watch: 16 y.o Indigenous girls massive Rugby hit, Australias brutal treatment of Aboriginal people, Aboriginal Flag: symbolism, history and meaning, Aboriginal bush meats Traditional food in Australia, Aboriginal artists going viral on social media, The most racist towns and cities in Australia, Australias National Anthem: a white supremacist song, We made a huge mistake Uluru climb will stay open for, UN calls for complete closure of regional Australia, biggest Aboriginal named cities in Australia, 10 most widely spoken Aboriginal languages in Australia, What is my media niche? Numbering only 6000 at the time of colonisation in 1836 due to the epidemic, they are the only Aboriginal cultural group in Australia whose land lay within 100km (62mi) of a capital city to have survived as a distinct people with a population still living on the former mission at Raukkan (formerly Point McLeay). Their lands and waters extended 30km up the Murray from Lake Alexandrina, the length of the Coorong and the coastal area to Encounter Bay. Australian English dictionary. Mob can mean my family or my tribal group. Indigenous South Australians also identify as A n angu, Nharla, Yura or Nunga, the Indigenous words for 'Aboriginal person' in the north-west, western Lake Eyre Basin, Flinders Ranges and southern settled areas of the state respectively. We hope that this will be a useful resource for schools and educational organisations to learn 50 words in their local languages, and for the general public to discover the diversity of languages around Australia. Ngarrindjeri as a pronoun means The Australian Aboriginal group native to the lower Murray River and Coorong area of Australia .. Dieri, Parnkalla and Kaurna were well documented by missionaries, but little is known about a number of others, such as Peramangk from the Adelaide Hills. This interconnection is fundamental to wellbeing and it is for this reason that healthy lands and waters are critical to healthy Ngarrindjeri people and culture. Palya is a Pintupi language word used as a greeting much in the same way that two friends would say hello in English while Yaama is a Gamilaraay language word for hello used in Northern NSW. It strives to record a comprehensive listing of words in theNgarrindjeri language still known and used by Elders, plus additional words recorded by missionaries, linguists, ethnologists and anthropologists in the past. Use this word family list to introduce the sound of words ending with -AN. 240 Words. Now 50 words of Kaurna have been included and voiced by Mr Buckskin on a new Indigenous language mapping project called 50words.online. Word in Definition. [32], Each of the eighteen lakinyeri had their own specific funeral customs; some smoke dried bodies before being placed in trees, on platforms, in rock shelters or buried depending on local custom.