All of these activities require organizational infrastructures to support the education, training, equipment, supplies, and communication that enable each survival. There is concern that delivery of chest compressions without assisted ventilation for prolonged periods could be less effective than conventional CPR (compressions plus breaths) because the arterial oxygen content will decrease as CPR duration increases. Phone or ask someone to phone 9-1-1 (the phone or caller with the phone remains at the victim's side, with the phone on speaker mode). These include the high success rate of the first shock with biphasic waveforms (lessening the need for successive shocks), the declining success of immediate second and third serial shocks when the first shock has failed. Although theoretically attractive and of some proven benefit in animal studies, none of the latter therapies has been definitively proved to improve overall survival after cardiac arrest, although some may have possible benefit in selected populations and/or special circumstances. Recommendations 1, 2, and 3 are supported by the 2020 CoSTR for BLS.4 Recommendation 4 last received formal evidence review in 2010.17, Recommendations 1 and 4 are supported by the 2020 CoSTR for BLS.4 Recommendations 2, 3, 5, and 6 last received formal evidence review in 2015.31, Recommendations 1, 2, and 3 are supported by the 2020 CoSTR for BLS.4 Recommendation 4 last received formal evidence review in 2010.44, These recommendations are supported by the 2020 CoSTRs for BLS and ALS.4,49. In the ASPIRE trial (1071 patients), use of the load-distributing band device was associated with similar odds of survival to hospital discharge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.56; CI, 0.311.00; A 2013 Cochrane review of 10 trials comparing ACD-CPR with standard CPR found no differences in mortality and neurological function in adults with OHCA or IHCA. Time taken for rhythm analysis also disrupts CPR. Are there in-hospital interventions that can reduce or prevent physical impairment after cardiac arrest? Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. However, the efficacy of IV versus IO drug administration in cardiac arrest remains to be elucidated. The risk for developing torsades increases when the corrected QT interval is greater than 500 milliseconds and accompanied by bradycardia.1 Torsades can be due to an inherited genetic abnormality2 and can also be caused by drugs and electrolyte imbalances that cause lengthening of the QT interval.3. The use of an airway adjunct (eg, oropharyngeal and/or nasopharyngeal airway) may be reasonable in unconscious (unresponsive) patients with no cough or gag reflex to facilitate delivery of ventilation with a bag-mask device. Early CPR The systematic and continuous approach to providing emergent patient care includes which three elements? You should give 1 ventilation every: You and two nurses have been performing CPR on a 72-year-old patient, Ben Phillips. These recommendations are supported by Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy: a Scientific Statement From the AHA9 and a 2020 evidence update.30, This topic was reviewed in an ILCOR systematic review for 2020.1 PE is a potentially reversible cause of shock and cardiac arrest. Which statement is true regarding resuscitation for a pregnant patient? Success rates for the Valsalva maneuver in terminating SVT range from 19% to 54%. We recommend that cardiac arrest survivors and their caregivers receive comprehensive, multidisciplinary discharge planning, to include medical and rehabilitative treatment recommendations and return to activity/work expectations. Intracardiac drug administration was discouraged in the 2000 AHA Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care given its highly specialized skill set, potential morbidity, and other available options for access.1,2 Endotracheal drug administration results in low blood concentrations and unpredictable pharmacological effect and has also largely fallen into disuse given other access options. A 2017 systematic review identified 1 observational human study and 10 animal studies comparing different ventilation rates after advanced airway placement. The 2015 American College of Cardiology, AHA, and Heart Rhythm Society Guidelines evaluated and recommended adenosine as a first-line treatment for regular SVT because of its effectiveness, extremely short half-life, and favorable side-effect profile. Which statement about bag-valve-mask (BVM) resuscitators is true? However, termination of torsades by shock does not prevent its recurrence, which requires additional measures. 5. The effectiveness of active compression-decompression CPR is uncertain. When performed with other prognostic tests, it may be reasonable to consider status myoclonus that occurs within 72 h after cardiac arrest to support the prognosis of poor neurological outcome. 2. The ALS TOR rule recommends TOR when all of the following criteria apply before moving to the ambulance for transport: (1) arrest was not witnessed; (2) no bystander CPR was provided; (3) no ROSC after full ALS care in the field; and (4) no AED shocks were delivered. 1. 4. No trials to date have found any benefit of either higher-dose epinephrine or other vasopressors over standard-dose epinephrine during CPR. IV bolus administration of potassium for cardiac arrest in suspected hypokalemia is not recommended. After return of spontaneous breathing, patients should be observed in a healthcare setting until the risk of recurrent opioid toxicity is low and the patients level of consciousness and vital signs have normalized. Adenosine only transiently slows irregularly irregular rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation, rendering it unsuitable for their management. Which term refers to the ability to use readily available resources to find solutions to challenging or complex situations or issues that arise? The response phase comprises the coordination and management of resources utilizing the Incident Command System. ALS indicates advanced life support; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and EMS, emergency medical services. CT indicates computed tomography; EEG, electroencephalogram; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; SSEP, somatosensory evoked potential; and TTM, targeted temperature management. Peer reviewer feedback was provided for guidelines in draft format and again in final format. thrombolysis during resuscitation? Since this topic was last updated in detail in 2015, at least 2 randomized trials have been completed on the effect of steroids on shock and other outcomes after ROSC, only 1 of which has been published to date. In cases of prehospital maternal arrest, rapid transport directly to a facility capable of PMCD and neonatal resuscitation, with early activation of the receiving facilitys adult resuscitation, obstetric, and neonatal resuscitation teams, provides the best chance for a successful outcome. 2. Activation and retrieval of the AED/emergency equipment by the lone healthcare provider or by the second person sent by the rescuer must occur no later than immediately after the check for no normal breathing and no pulse identifies cardiac arrest. You should give 1 ventilation every: After immediately initiating the emergency response system, what is the next link in the Adult In-Hospital Cardiac Chain of Survival? Cardiac arrest occurs after 1% to 8% of cardiac surgery cases.18 Etiologies include tachyarrhythmias such as VT or VF, bradyarrhythmias such as heart block or asystole, obstructive causes such as tamponade or pneumothorax, technical factors such as dysfunction of a new valve, occlusion of a grafted artery, or bleeding. The response phase is a reaction to the occurrence of a catastrophic disaster or emergency. Which patients develop affective/psychological disorders of well-being after cardiac arrest, and are they 4. Prompt initiation of targeted temperature management is necessary for all patients who do not follow commands after return of spontaneous circulation to ensure optimal functional and neurological outcome. IHCA patients often have invasive monitoring devices in place such as central venous or arterial lines, and personnel to perform advanced procedures such as arterial blood gas analysis or point-of-care ultrasound are often present. 1. A case series suggests that mouth-to-nose ventilation in adults is feasible, safe, and effective. Animal studies, case reports, and case series have reported increased heart rate and improved hemodynamics after high-dose insulin administration for -adrenergic blocker toxicity. When Mr. Phillips shows signs of ROSC, where should you perform the pulse check? The benefit of an oropharyngeal compared with a nasopharyngeal airway in the presence of a known or suspected basilar skull fracture or severe coagulopathy has not been assessed in clinical trials. You are providing compressions on a 6-month-old who weighs 17 pounds. 2. Polymorphic VT that is not associated with QT prolongation is often triggered by acute myocardial ischemia and infarction, In the absence of long QT, magnesium has not been shown to be effective in the treatment of polymorphic VT. and 2. Electric cardioversion can be useful either as firstline treatment or for drug-refractory wide-complex tachycardia due to reentry rhythms (such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV reentry, and VT). If any maintenance is performed on any portion of the emergency power supply system, a 30 minute operational test needs to be performed after maintenance or repair has been performed to ensure that they system is still operational. Neuroimaging may be helpful after arrest to detect and quantify structural brain injury. A 2017 ILCOR systematic review found that a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths was associated with better survival than alternate ratios, a recommendation that was reaffirmed by the AHA in 2018. You suspect that an unresponsive patient has sustained a neck injury. 1. CPR should be initiated if pacing is not successful within 1 min. Cyanide reversibly binds to the ferric ion cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria and stops cellular respiration and adenosine triphosphate production. outcomes? For each recommendation, the writing group discussed and approved specific recommendation wording and the COR and LOE assignments. 1. The primary considerations when determining if a victim needs to be moved before starting resuscitation are feasibility and safety of providing high-quality CPR in the location and position in which the victim is found. While providing ventilations, you notice that Mr. Sauer moves and appears to be breathing. Cycles of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts. Immediately initiate chest compressions. Survival and recovery from adult cardiac arrest depend on a complex system working together to secure the best outcome for the victim. Several observational studies have demonstrated improved neurologically favorable survival when early coronary angiography is performed followed by PCI in patients with cardiac arrest who have a STEMI. In postcardiac surgery patients with asystole or bradycardic arrest in the ICU with pacing leads in place, pacing can be initiated immediately by trained providers. Therefore, the management of bradycardia will depend on both the underlying cause and severity of the clinical presentation. Biphasic and monophasic shock waveforms are likely equivalent in their clinical outcome efficacy. If increased auto-PEEP or sudden decrease in blood pressure is noted in asthmatics receiving assisted ventilation in a periarrest state, a brief disconnection from the bag mask or ventilator with compression of the chest wall to relieve air-trapping can be effective. Data on the relative benefit of continuous versus intermittent EEG are limited. 1. 2. Standing to the side of the infant with your hips at a slight angle, provide chest compressions using the encircling thumbs technique and deliver ventilations with a pocket mask or face shield. Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, restores consciousness, protective airway reflexes, and respiratory drive but can have significant side effects including seizures and arrhythmia.1 These risks are increased in patients with benzodiazepine dependence and with coingestion of cyclic antidepressant medications. In the 2020 ILCOR systematic review, no randomized trials were identified addressing the treatment of cardiac arrest caused by confirmed PE. While ineffective in terminating ventricular arrhythmias, adenosines relatively short-lived effect on blood pressure makes it less likely to destabilize monomorphic VT in an otherwise hemodynamically stable patient. 2. Whether treatment of seizure activity on EEG that is not associated with clinically evident seizures affects outcome is currently unknown. IV amiodarone can be useful for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response without preexcitation. What is the first link in the Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Chain of Survival? Administration of IV amiodarone, procainamide, or sotalol may be considered for the treatment of wide-complex tachycardia. Prompt systemic anticoagulation is generally indicated for patients with massive and submassive PE to prevent clot propagation and support endogenous clot dissolution over weeks. For asthmatic patients with cardiac arrest, sudden elevation in peak inspiratory pressures or difficulty ventilating should prompt evaluation for tension pneumothorax. Standard BLS and ACLS are the cornerstones of treatment, with airway management and ventilation being of particular importance because of the respiratory cause of arrest. What is the optimal energy needed for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter? The writing group would also like to acknowledge the outstanding contributions of David J. Magid, MD, MPH. The potential mechanisms of action of IV lipid emulsion include active shuttling of the local anesthetic drug away from the heart and brain, increased cardiac contractility, vasoconstriction, and cardioprotective effects.1, The reported incidence of LAST ranges from 0 to 2 per 1000 nerve blocks2 but appears to be decreasing as a result of increasing awareness of toxicity and improved techniques.1, This topic last received formal evidence review in 2015.6, Overdose of sodium channelblocking medications, such as TCAs and other drugs (eg, cocaine, flecainide, citalopram), can cause hypotension, dysrhythmia, and death by blockade of cardiac sodium channels, among other mechanisms. When available, expert consultation can be helpful to assist in the diagnosis and management of treatment-refractory wide-complex tachycardia. 3. These guidelines are not meant to be comprehensive. Intraosseous access may be considered if attempts at intravenous access are unsuccessful or not feasible. No large RCT evaluating different treatment strategies for patients suffering from acute cocaine toxicity exists. Which technique should you use to open the patient's airway? It may be reasonable to perform chest compressions so that chest compression and recoil/relaxation times are approximately equal. CPR indicates cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IHCA, in-hospital cardiac arrest; and OHCA, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. During a resuscitation, the team leader assigns team roles and tasks to each member. Bradycardia is generally defined as a heart rate less than 60/min. Atropine has been shown to be effective for the treatment of symptomatic bradycardia in both observational studies and in 1 limited RCT. 1. 1. Survivorship plans that address treatment, surveillance, and rehabilitation need to be provided at hospital discharge to optimize transitions of care to the outpatient setting. It is critical for community members to recognize cardiac arrest, phone 9-1-1 (or the local emergency response number), perform CPR (including, for untrained lay rescuers, compression-only CPR), and use an AED.3,4 Emergency medical personnel are then called to the scene, continue resuscitation, and transport the patient for stabilization and definitive management. Discharges on EEG were divided into 2 types: rhythmic/periodic and nonrhythmic/periodic. It is reasonable for a rescuer to use mouth-to-nose ventilation if ventilation through the victims mouth is impossible or impractical. Immediate pacing might be considered in unstable patients with high-degree AV block when IV/IO access is not available. 64.01 fm c. 80.001 m d. 0.720g0.720 \mu g0.720g e. 2.40106kg2.40 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{kg}2.40106kg f. 6108kg6 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{kg}6108kg g. 4.071016m4.07 \times 10^{16} \mathrm{m}4.071016m. 4. This is particularly true in first aid and BLS, where determination of the presence of a pulse is unreliable. Recommendations 1, 2, 3, and 5 are supported by the 2020 CoSTRs for BLS and ALS.13,14 Recommendations 4 and 6 last received formal evidence review in 2015.15. 2. Although the majority of resuscitation success is achieved by provision of high-quality CPR and defibrillation, other specific treatments for likely underlying causes may be helpful in some cases. 3. For many patients and families, these plans and resources may be paramount to improved quality of life after cardiac arrest. Community reintegration and return to work or other activities may be slow and depend on social support and relationships. These recommendations are supported by the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.2, These recommendations are supported by the 2018 American College of Cardiology, AHA, and Heart Rhythm Society guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay.2. They may be used in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. If possible, tell them what is burning or on fire (e.g. In a trained provider-witnessed arrest of a postcardiac surgery patient where pacer wires are already in place, we recommend immediate pacing in an asystolic or bradycardic arrest. Multiple observational evaluations, primarily in pediatric patients, have demonstrated that decompensation after fresh or salt-water drowning can occur in the first 4 to 6 hours after the event. Case reports have rarely described damage to the heart due to external chest compressions. AED indicates automated external defibrillator; ALS, advanced life support; BLS, basic life support; and CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. All patients with evidence of anaphylaxis require early treatment with epinephrine. The emergency should not be terminated until a Recovery Plan Outline has been developed and a Recovery Organization identified. Much of the published research involves patients whose arrests were presumed to be of cardiac origin and in settings with short EMS response times. The goal of ECPR is to support end organ perfusion while potentially reversible conditions are addressed. The routine use of cricoid pressure in adult cardiac arrest is not recommended. In these cases, this maneuver should be used even in cases of potential spinal injury because the need to open the airway outweighs the risk of further spinal damage in the cardiac arrest patient. 2. For synchronized cardioversion of atrial flutter using biphasic energy, an initial energy of 50 to 100 J may be reasonable, depending on the specific biphasic defibrillator being used. The process will be determined by the size of the team. At minimum, one drill per year must be completed for each type of emergency response: evacuation, shelter in place, and hide/run/fight. Ask yourself the following questions and use a small blank notebook, writing pad, or other appropriate form(s) to record thoughts and ideas: Should public health become involved in the The nurse assesses a responsive 8-month-old infant and determines the infant is choking. No randomized RCTs have been performed comparing open-chest with external CPR. Lifesaving procedures, including standard BLS and ACLS, are therefore important to continue until a patient is rewarmed unless the victim is obviously dead (eg, rigor mortis or nonsurvivable traumatic injury). Toxicity: -adrenergic blockers and calcium You recognize that a task has been overlooked. A more comprehensive description of these methods is provided in Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Guidelines Development.. Serum biomarkers are blood-based tests that measure the concentration of proteins normally found in the central nervous system (CNS). 4. The CMT oversees the ERT and the DR team(s). Routine administration of calcium for treatment of cardiac arrest is not recommended. 2, and 3. In what situations is attempted resuscitation of the drowning victim futile? Accordingly, the strength of recommendations is weaker than optimal: 78 Class 1 (strong) recommendations, 57 Class 2a (moderate) recommendations, and 89 Class 2b (weak) recommendations are included in these guidelines. SEMS Emergency Response Criteria. Hemodynamically stable patients can be treated with a rate-control or rhythm-control strategy. *Telecommunicator and dispatcher are terms often used interchangeably. Twelve studies examined the use of naloxone in respiratory arrest, of which 5 compared intramuscular, intravenous, and/or intranasal routes of naloxone administration (2 RCT. If an advanced airway is used, either a supraglottic airway or endotracheal intubation can be used for adults with OHCA in settings with high tracheal intubation success rates or optimal training opportunities for endotracheal tube placement. What is the compression-to-ventilation ratio during multiple-provider CPR? There are no studies comparing cough CPR to standard resuscitation care. TTM between 32C and 36C for at least 24 hours is currently recommended for all cardiac rhythms in both OHCA and IHCA. When bradycardia occurs secondary to a pathological cause, it can lead to decreased cardiac output with resultant hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion. Assess the situation Initiate the response by assessing the situation. Which compression depth is appropriate for this patient? IV epinephrine is an appropriate alternative to intramuscular administration in anaphylactic shock when an IV is in place. Pharmacological and mechanical therapies to rapidly reverse pulmonary artery occlusion and restore adequate pulmonary and systemic circulation have emerged as primary therapies for massive PE, including fulminant PE.2,6 Current advanced treatment options include systemic thrombolysis, surgical or percutaneous mechanical embolectomy, and ECPR. What is the most important initial action? Epinephrine has been hypothesized to have beneficial effects during cardiac arrest primarily because of its -adrenergic effects, leading to increased coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure during CPR. For synchronized cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using biphasic energy, an initial energy of 120 to 200 J is reasonable, depending on the specific biphasic defibrillator being used. The Chain of Survival, introduced in Major Concepts, is now expanded to emphasize the important component of survivorship during recovery from cardiac arrest, requires coordinated efforts from medical professionals in a variety of disciplines and, in the case of OHCA, from lay rescuers, emergency dispatchers, and first responders. Are you performing all of the required ITM on your Emergency Power Supply System? Futility is often defined as less than 1% chance of survival,1 suggesting that for a TOR rule to be valid it should demonstrate high accuracy for predicting futility with the lower confidence limit greater than 99% on external validation. These procedures are described more fully in Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Guidelines Development. Disclosure information for writing group members is listed in Appendix 1(link opens in new window). Cognitive impairments after cardiac arrest include difficulty with memory, attention, and executive function. The routine use of mechanical CPR devices is not recommended. During a resuscitation, the team leader assigns team roles and tasks to each member. 5. Because placement of an advanced airway may result in interruption of chest compressions, a malpositioned device, or undesirable hyperventilation, providers should carefully weigh these risks against the potential benefits of an advanced airway. It is not uncommon for chest compressions to be paused for rhythm detection and continue to be withheld while the defibrillator is charged and prepared for shock delivery. These recommendations are supported by the 2019 focused update on ACLS guidelines.1. Epinephrine is the cornerstone of treatment for anaphylaxis.35, This topic last received formal evidence review in 2010.14. What is the optimal approach to advanced airway management for IHCA? If a jaw thrust and/or insertion of an airway adjunct are ineffective in opening the airway and allowing ventilation to occur, a head tiltchin lift may be the only way to open the airway. However, good outcomes have been observed with rapid resternotomy protocols when performed by experienced providers in an appropriately equipped ICU. In addition to standard ACLS, several therapies have long been recommended to treat life-threatening hyperkalemia. Robert Long, whose license was suspended for failing to give aid to Nichols and who has also been fired, appeared by . Frequent experience or frequent retraining is recommended for providers who perform endotracheal intubation. Immediate defibrillation by a trained provider presents distinct advantages in these patients, whereas the morbidity associated with external chest compressions or resternotomy may substantially impact recovery. These recommendations incorporate the results of a 2020 ILCOR CoSTR, which focused on prognostic factors in drowning.18 Otherwise, this topic last received formal evidence review in 2010.19 These guidelines were supplemented by Wilderness Medical Society. A victim may also appear clinically dead because of the effects of very low body temperature. 3. pharmacological, catheter intervention, or implantable device? 3. The management of patients with preexcitation syndromes (aka Wolff-Parkinson-White) is covered in the Wide-Complex Tachycardia section. Pulseless electrical activity is the presenting rhythm in 36% to 53% of PE-related cardiac arrests, while primary shockable rhythms are uncommon.35. You perform a rapid assessment and determine that your patient is experiencing cardiac arrest. Sparse data have been published addressing this question. In a small clinical trial and several observational studies, waveform capnography was 100% specific for confirming endotracheal tube position during cardiac arrest. C-LD. For a patient with suspected opioid overdose who has a definite pulse but no normal breathing or only gasping (ie, a respiratory arrest), in addition to providing standard BLS and/or ACLS care, it is reasonable for responders to administer naloxone. Shout for nearby help. A comprehensive, structured, multidisciplinary system of care should be implemented in a consistent manner for the treatment of postcardiac arrest patients. 4. You and your colleagues are performing CPR on a 6-year-old child. These arrhythmias are common and often coexist, and their treatment recommendations are similar. When an emergency or disaster does occur, fire and police units, emergency medical personnel, and rescue workers rush to damaged areas to provide aid. The treatment of nonconvulsive seizures (diagnosed by EEG only) may be considered. The emergency plan must include: assignment of persons to specific tasks and responsibilities in case of an emergency situation; instructions relating to the use of alarm systems and signals; systems for notification of appropriate persons outside of the facility; information on the location of emergency equipment in the facility; and