They insisted that religion came from . [14], Though Mennonites are a global denomination with church membership from Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas, certain Mennonite communities with ethno-cultural origins in Switzerland and the Netherlands bear the designation of ethnic Mennonites.[15]. A simple, almost austere liturgy surrounds the Gospel proclamation. [citation needed] Other conservative Mennonite groups descended from the former Amish-Mennonite churches which split, like the Wisler Mennonites, from the Old Order Amish in the latter part of the 19th century. The reason was very simple. That is how it will be at the coming of the Son of Man. When the German army invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 during World War II, many in the Mennonite community perceived them as liberators from the communist regime under which they had suffered. In the spirit of the times, other groups came to preach about reducing hierarchy, relations with the state, eschatology, and sexual license, running from utter abandon to extreme chastity. [29] With regard to salvation, Mennonites believe:[30], When we hear the good news of the love of God, the Holy Spirit moves us to accept the gift of salvation. [8] Of that number, the Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches had 37,508 baptized members[105] and the Mennonite Church Canada had 31,000 members. Mennonites date their separate Christian identity to the Anabaptist movement of the early 16th-century Reformation. New interest in the faith of early Anabaptists was fostered by the scholarly work of both Mennonite and non-Mennonite historians. See also Steckel, William R., Pietist in Colonial Pennsylvania: Christopher Sauer, Printer (unpub. Spangenberg, August G., Leben des Herrn Nicolaus Ludwig Grafen und Herru von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (Barby: 17721774), II, 5: 138.Google Scholar, 23. They became well known as artists, writers, and patrons of social programs. James points out that Quaker influence came back in a side door through the Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific Measures. In the spring of 1757, they were active in enlisting the German pacifists to their program of peaceful approaches to the Indians. [citation needed] The U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches comprises 34,500 members. Memoirs of Samuel M. Janney, Late of Lincoln, Loud on County, Va. A Minister in the Religious Society of Friends (4th ed., Philadelphia: Friends' Book Association, 1890), pp. This was the last straw for the Quaker assemblymen. [123] In the 1990s, photographer Larry Towell documented the lives of Canadian and Mexican Mennonites, subsequently published in a volume by Phaidon Press. Mennonites living in Prussia were enticed to move to Russia in the 1780s by Catherine II, who issued a special charter of privileges-including an exemption from military service to colonists. From the 17th to the 20th century, most Mennonites in Switzerland, southern Germany, and Alsace lived in semiclosed rural communities with simple agrarian economies. Horseh, John, Did Menno Simons practice baptism by Immersion, M.Q.R., I (1927), 1: 5456Google Scholar; [Kurtz, Henry], Menno Symons Erklaerung der christlichen Taufe in dem Wasser aus dem Wort Gottes (Osnaburg, Ohio: H. Kurtz, c. 1840).Google Scholar. [87] Girls and women, including infants, elderly women, and relatives to the perpetrators, reported these attacks, but were at first dismissed as "wild female imagination", or else attributed to ghosts or demons. Some churches are members of regional or area conferences. Most Old Order groups also school their children in Mennonite-operated schools. Make every effort to add to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge; and to godliness, mutual affection; and to mutual affection, love. 469470). The Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and Quakers quickly collected food and clothing to aid the refugees. 49. Note: Alarmed by the increasing threats of war, two religious sects, the Mennonites and the Brethren, addressed the colonial Pennsylvania Assembly in the hope that the assembly would recognize their opposition to war while stating what they were willing to do if war should occur. Jahrhundert, Historic De l'Eglise Rform du Pays de Faud sous le Rgime Bernois, Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland, A History of the German Baptist Brethren in Europe and America, Bibliography on German Settlements in Colonial North America, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Leben des Herrn Nicolaus Ludwig Grafen und Herru von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Einmthiger Schlusz der General-Synodi von Pennsylvania wegen der Religionen, in, Two Centuries of American Mennonite Literature, A Brethren Bibliography, 17131963: Two Hundred Fifty Years of Brethren Literature, The First Century of German Printing in America, Christopher Dock, Mennonite Schoolmaster, 17181771, The Ephrata Cloisters: An Annotated Bibliography, The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement, Chronicon Ephratense; A History of the Community of Seventh Day Baptists, Pacifism among the Mennonites, Amish Mennonites, and Schwenkfelders of Pennsylvania to 1783, The Layman's Progress: Religious and Political Experience in Colonial Pennsylvania, 17401770, William Smith: Educator and Churchman, 17271803, Studies on Benjamin Franklin: The Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of his Birth, January 17, 1956, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, The Pennsylvania Quaker Experiment in Polities, Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 16821763, A People Among Peoples: Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America, War comes to Quaker Pennsylvania, 16821756, The Church of the Brethren and War, 17081941, The Sower Printing House of Colonial Times, Journal of the Committee of Observation of the Middle District of Frederick County, Md., Materials toward a History of the American Baptists, Acten, Urkunden, und Nachrichten zur neusten Kirchengeschichte, Der Besiegte Wiedertauffer, in Unterredungen uber Kindertaufe und Untertauchung, Blooming Grove, A History of the Congregation of German Dunkers who settled in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, 1805, Selections from Letters written during a Tour through the United States in the Summer and Autumn of 1819, An Account of the Manners of the German Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, Joseph Funk, Early Mennonite Printer and Publisher, History of Mennonites in Virginia, 17271900, Did Menno Simons practice baptism by Immersion, Menno Symons Erklaerung der christlichen Taufe in dem Wasser aus dem Wort Gottes, The Olive Branch of Peace and Good Will to Men. [17] This meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. For assessments of De Treytorrens and the situation in Bern at this time, See Wernle, P., Der schweizerische Protestantismus im XVIII. Mennonites are Trinitarian (i.e., they believe in the doctrine of the Trinity), affirm the Scriptures (especially the New Testament) as the final authority for faith and life, and appeal to the pattern of the early church as their congregational model. There is no special form of dress and no restrictions on use of technology. They believed that the church should be completely removed from government (the protofree church tradition), and that individuals should join only when willing to publicly acknowledge belief in Jesus and the desire to live in accordance with his teachings. 5758Google Scholar. Rakestraw, 1842), VI, 297Google Scholar; see also Brumbaugh, pp. Initially the Pennsylvania government complained when Marylanders settled this area, but since no one else except the Indians were . Part of the group known as Anabaptists (because they rebaptized adult believers), the Mennonites took their name from Menno Simons, a Dutch priest who converted to the Anabaptist faith and helped lead it to prominence in Holland by the mid-16th century. The best analysis of this problem, based on extensive archival research, is that of James, Sydney V., A People Among Peoples: Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. This activity not only offered new insights for renewing church life but accented the disparity between 16th-century Anabaptist ideals and present Mennonite beliefs and practices. Conservative Mennonites include numerous groups that identify with the more conservative or traditional element among Mennonite or Anabaptist groups but not necessarily Old Order groups. [89] The offenders used a type of gas used by veterinarians to sedate animals during medical procedures. Mennonite & Brethren in Christ World Directory 2003. The United States branch did not complete their organization until the meeting in Nashville, Tennessee in 2001, which became effective February 1, 2002. The men in some of these Brethren groups wear beards, which easily leads outsiders to confuse them with the Amish. In the 1870s, a large group of Russian Mennonites from Ukraine moved to southern Manitoba. [118], The U.K. had but 326 members within two organized bodies as of 2015. During the Colonial period, Mennonites were distinguished from other Pennsylvania Germans in three ways:[57] their opposition to the American Revolutionary War, which other German settlers participated in on both sides; resistance to public education; and disapproval of religious revivalism. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. They stress strict separation from "the world", adhere to "strict withdrawal from and shunning of apostate and separated members", forbid and limit cars and technology and wear plain clothing. They almost immediately began to split into separate churches themselves. They believed that Jesus taught that any use of force to get back at anyone was wrong, and taught to forgive. 60. In 1775 they addressed a statement to the Pennsylvania Assembly that read: Some of the largest Mennonite/Anabaptist groups in North America are: Alliance of Mennonite Congregations. The Mennonites emigrated from Switzerland in several distinct groups, including those who went to Russia before coming to America and those who traveled down the Rhine to Holland . 6. Persecutions that continued in Switzerland into the 18th century drove many Mennonites to southern Germany, Alsace, the Netherlands, and the United States. Many believed that God did not condone killing or the use of force for any reason and were, therefore, unwilling to fight for their lives. Mennonites become Brethren And Brethren become Mennonites Frank L. Reed In the early days of Mennonites and Brethren in North America many Mennonites became Brethren. The total population of Old Order Mennonites groups including children and adults not yet baptized normally is two to three times larger than the number of baptized, adult members, which indicates that the population of Old Order Mennonites was roughly between 60,000 and 80,000 in 2008/9. Amish groups tend to shy away from technology and involvement with the greater world, by dressing "plain" and using scooters and buggies for transportation. Instead, as he who called you is holy, be holy yourselves in all your conduct;for it is written, You shall be holy, for I am holy. 1 Peter 1:13-16 (NRSV), It is Gods willthat you should be sanctified: that you should avoid sexual immorality; that each of you should learn to control your own bodyin a way that is holy and honorable, not in passionate lustlike the pagans,who do not know God. The theology of an American Baptist, Augustus Strong, was taught in the early 20th century at Mennonite . BRETHREN, MENNONITES, AND QUAKERS Mennonite minister, Jan Crous (1670-1729), has been preserved. A similar organization, the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), was founded by North American Mennonites initially to relieve famine in Russia. ed.Newton, Kansas: Mennonite Publication Office, 1950), p. 547.Google Scholar, 21. Among these early settlers was William Rittenhouse, a lay minister and owner of the first American paper mill. 325344. Matthew 24:37-39 (NIV), Make every effort to add to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge;and to knowledge, self-control;and to self-control, perseverance;and to perseverance, godliness;and to godliness, mutual affection; and to mutual affection, love. Luke 21:34-36 (NIV), As it was in the days of Noah, so it will be at the coming of the Son of Man. "We renounce the small-mindedness of religious thinking that attempts to snare the servant of God in his anointed work." Some Mennonite conferences have chosen to maintain such "disciplined" congregations as "associate" or "affiliate" congregations in the conferences, rather than to expel such congregations. 171172. The world's most conservative Mennonites (in terms of culture and technology) are the Mennonites affiliated with the Lower and Upper Barton Creek Colonies in Belize. [62] In 2016 it had fallen to 78,892 members after the withdrawal of the Lancaster Mennonite Conference. Part of the group known as Anabaptists (because they rebaptized adult believers), the Mennonites took their name from Menno Simons, a Dutch priest who converted to the Anabaptist faith and helped lead it to prominence in Holland by the mid-16th century. [103] The MWC does not make binding decisions on behalf of members but coordinates Mennonite causes aligning with the MWC's shared convictions. They were sometimes invited to settle in areas of poor soil that no one else could farm. [93], Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), founded on September 27, 1920, in Chicago, Illinois,[94] provides disaster relief around the world alongside their long-term international development programs. 292293. Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches, Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia), Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India, cole de Thologie vanglique de Montral, Fresno Pacific University Biblical Seminary, International Committee of Mennonite Brethren, US Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches, "Centre for MB Studies, archival holdings", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Church&oldid=1142697373. In 1822 their congregation merged with the . Religiously, they were influenced by Pietism, originally a Lutheran movement that emphasized personal religious experience and reform. By September 2007, some Mennonite families had already left Quebec. [1] Mennonite immigrants from West Prussia who had been influenced by pietistic leaders transplanted those ideas to the large Molotschna colony. [96], Since the latter part of the 20th century, some Mennonite groups have become more actively involved with peace and social justice issues, helping to found Christian Peacemaker Teams and Mennonite Conciliation Service. 8586, contains the action of the Maryland Convention. In 1860 a small group of Mennonites in Russia underwent a religious awakening and demanded stricter discipline for church members. 48. mennonites and brethren 1775. luke huard texas a&m salary; simchart 84 post case quiz; mennonites and brethren 1775. regional theatre auditions; mennonites and brethren 1775. mike birbiglia podcast; dream of funeral evangelist joshua; phonte questlove supreme; colonel frank o'sullivan interview; In a tri-racial society, Native Americans were also forced to choose sides. But the Society,, while professedly charitable and religious, had also political aims (p. 49). 25. The CPS men served without wages and with minimal support from the federal government. J. S. Carl and others (Berleburg: 17301744), I, 10: 8689Google Scholar; Origins, pp. Blaupot ten Cate, Steven, Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland (Leeuwarden: W. Eckhoff, 1839), p. 200Google Scholar; Origins, pp. (Especially the ones that could converse in German and Swiss version German and Dutch version German. 27. The Brethren Mennonite Council for LGBT Interests' Oral History Project, one avenue for fruitful research, makes available videotaped oral history records pertaining to individuals from multiple Anabaptist groups; see https://www.bmclgbt.org/center-history. J. H. Kurtz, whose church history was at one time highly regarded, wrote of Keller: It is Keller's achievement to have brought out into the forefront of scholarly consideration the great significance of Anabaptism in the history of the Christian spirit in the sixteenth century, and to have called emphatic attention to the rich religious literature and remarkable organizational activity of the Anabaptists as well as the primitive Christian elements in the movement. Other groups of Anabaptists, such as the Batenburgers, were eventually destroyed by their willingness to fight. There is an emphasis on peace, community and service. Both Maryland and Pennsylvania claimed the land where Hanover in York County lay. 72. They also stress the importance of individual conscience on matters of personal and social morality. [79] They said they would leave Quebec after the Education Ministry threatened legal actions. The province threatened to invoke youth protection services if the Mennonite children were not registered with the Education Ministry; they either had to be home-schooled using the government-approved material, or attend a "sanctioned" school. 28 July 2009, More than seventy-five years ago, Ludwig Keller (18491915), German archivist and historian, wrote to the young Mennonite immigrant to the United States, John Horsch (18671941), to propose that. The Mennonite Brethren Church is an evangelical Mennonite Anabaptist movement with congregations. The Statesman has always found it necessary for the Purposes of Government, to raise some one Denomination of religions above the Rest to a certain Degree, this favor'd Denomination, by these Means, becomes as it were the Creature of the Government, which is thus enabled to turn the Balance and keep all in Subjection. Stauffer Mennonites, or Pike Mennonites, represent one of the first and most conservative forms of North American Horse and Buggy Mennonites. Despite strong repressive efforts of the state churches, the movement spread slowly around western Europe, primarily along the Rhine. These views are analyzed and compared in Durnbaugh, Donald F., The Genius of the Brethren, Brethren Life and Thought, IV (1959), 1:434Google Scholar; 2:418, from which some of the material in this section of the recent article is taken; the journal shall hereafter be cited as B.L.T.. mennonites and brethren 1775. luke huard texas a&m salary; simchart 84 post case quiz; mennonites and brethren 1775. regional theatre auditions; mennonites and brethren 1775. mike birbiglia podcast; dream of funeral evangelist joshua; phonte questlove supreme; colonel frank o'sullivan interview; The Pemberton quotation is taken from Hocker, Edward W., The Sower Printing House of Colonial Times (Norristown, Pa.: The Pennsylvania German Society, 1948), p. 92.Google Scholar, 53. Larger groups of Dutch/North German Mennonites came to North America from the Russian Empire after 1873, especially to Kansas and Manitoba. They retained their German language, partly for its religious significance and partly to insulate themselves against their social environment. The Reformed Mennonite Church, with members in the United States and Canada, represents the first division in the original North American Mennonite body. In 1785 the Orthodox Reformed Mennonite Church was formed, and other schisms occurred into the 21st century. While the more progressive element of these Mennonites assimilated into mainstream society, the more conservative element emigrated to Latin America. [30], Traditionally, Mennonites sought to continue the beliefs of early Christianity and thus practice the lovefeast (which includes footwashing, the holy kiss and communion), headcovering, nonresistance, the sharing of possessions and nonconformity to the world; these things are heavily emphasized in Old Order Mennonite and Conservative Mennonite denominations. 56. Leatherman, Quintus, Christopher Dock, Mennonite Schoolmaster, 17181771, M.Q.R., XVI (1942), 1: 3244Google Scholar. A major schism occurred in 169397, when the Swiss Mennonite elder Jakob Amann, in an attempt to preserve what he understood as biblical discipline, left the movement to form the Amish church. Those who fought in the war were usually excommunicated for doing so. [122] In 1975 Victor Davies composed the Mennonite Piano Concerto and in, 1977, composer Glenn Gould featured Manitoba Mennonites in his experimental radio documentary The Quiet in the Land, part three of his Solitude Trilogy. During the 1850s, some Mennonites were influenced by Radical Pietism, which found its way into the Mennonite colonies of the southern Russian Empire now known as Ukraine. [115], The Mennonite presence remaining in the Netherlands, Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit or ADS (translated as General Mennonite Society), maintains a seminary, as well as organizing relief, peace, and mission work, the latter primarily in Central Java and New Guinea. Most Horse and Buggy Old Order Mennonites allow the use of tractors for farming, although some groups insist on steel-wheeled tractors to prevent tractors from being used for road transportation. After May 1943, as a labour shortage developed within the nation, men were shifted into agriculture, education and industry. Title: Mennonite Brethren in Christ fonds. [88] The youngest victim was three years old, and the oldest was 65. Dates of creation: 1849- . The Tunkers (Dunkards) believed almost exactly as the Mennonites on war and the state and, being small in numbers, before the Revolution, identified themselves with the Mennonites in most of their public actions." (p.25). "Plain" became pass as open criticisms of traditional beliefs and practices broke out in the 1950s and 1960s. Still another movement, the Hutterian Brethren, emerged under the leadership of Jakob Hutter (died 1536). They joined forces to fight the movement, using methods such as banishment, torture, burning, drowning or beheading. Donald Kraybill's guide on the Amish, a people known for their simplicity, and commitment to peaceful living. Mack answered Kunze with Anhang sum Widerteyten Wiedertufer (Eprata: 1788)Google Scholar; A Brethren Bibliography, 3738. Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia - Mennonites, Mennonite - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mennonites - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Worship, church discipline and lifestyles vary widely between progressive, moderate, conservative, Old Order and orthodox Mennonites in a vast panoply of distinct, independent, and widely dispersed classifications. During World War II, Mennonite conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control, or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Migrations continued for decades as Mennonites built prosperous colonies. The Mennonite World Conference counts 47,202 baptized members within 7 organized bodies in 2015. Following WWII, a conservative movement emerged from scattered separatist groups as a reaction to the Mennonite churches drifting away from their historical traditions. [8] Seven ordinances have been taught in many traditional Mennonite churches, which include "baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering. 44. While private schools may add optional material to the compulsory curriculum, they may not replace it. It was named for Menno Simons, a Dutch priest who consolidated and institutionalized the work initiated by moderate Anabaptist leaders. For fuller treatment of this point, see Durnbaugh, , The Genius of the Brethren, pp. These include P. M. Friesen (educator and historian), Jakob and Abraham Kroeker (writers), Heinrich Braun (publisher), Peter Braun (educator) and A. H. Unruh (educator). For the Mennonite books, see Bender, pp. [105] Another such body is the Union of German Mennonite Congregations or Vereinigung der Deutschen Mennonitengemeinden. From 1812 to 1860, another wave of Mennonite immigrants settled farther west in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. At that time some remaining Mennonite Brethren moved from Ukraine to the republics of Soviet Central Asia. The Brethren made available something the Mennonites needed that their own church was not providing. An emergency relief committee for national and international aid, founded by Dutch Mennonites in 1725, is still active. U.S. Mennonite Brethren have a rich spiritual heritage that can be traced back to the heart of the 16th century Reformation. By World War I there were more than 120,000 Mennonites in Russia living in autonomous communities in which they controlled religious, educational, social, economic, and even political affairs. Many Russian Mennonites actively collaborated with the Nazis, including in the rounding up and extermination of their Jewish neighbors, although some also resisted them. Its most distinguishing feature is the rejection of infant baptism, an act that had both religious and political meaning since almost every infant born in western Europe was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church. For instance, near the beginning of the 20th century, some members in the Amish church wanted to begin having Sunday schools and participate in progressive Protestant-style para-church evangelism. The Mennonite Brethren movement also spread through missionary endeavor. See Bowman, Rufus D., The Church of the Brethren and War, 17081941 (Elgin, Ill.: Brethren Publishing House, 1944), pp. Persecution was still going on until 1710 in various parts of Switzerland.[23]. 1618.Google Scholar, 61. "An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups", Intercourse PA 1996, pages 122123. They stress the importance of believers baptism and the public confession of faith. The Quebec curriculum was unacceptable to the parents of the only Mennonite school in the province. Mennonites have lived in Ukraine since the 1780s, when they answered Catherine the Great's call for German farmers to settle the Russian Empire's southland. The treatise was addressed to slave-holding Quakers in an effort to persuade them to change their ways.[54]. Today, many traditional Russian Mennonites use Standard German in church and for reading and writing. Nebst beygefgten Kurzen und cinfltigen Antworten auf diesclben ([n.p. Because the land still needed to be tended, the ruler would not drive out the Mennonites but would pass laws to force them to stay, while at the same time severely limiting their freedom. Today these groups are among the most conservative of all Swiss Mennonites outside the Amish. The original church building was built in 1883 and added onto in 1944. For years, the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society has collected genealogical information for Lancaster County Mennonites and related groups. [6], Congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice, from Old Order Mennonites (who practice a lifestyle without certain elements of modern technology) to Conservative Mennonites (who hold to traditional theological distinctives, wear plain dress and use modern conveniences) to mainline Mennonites (those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population). Today we remain unswervingly committed to . Mennonite Brethren Herald, 12 Oct 1979 Schmidt, Orlando. The Mennonites have embraced some of the world's technologies. In 1783 Mennonites in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, were accused of treason for feeding destitute British soldiers during the American Revolution. The majority of Conservative Mennonite churches historically has an Amish and not a Mennonite background. Brumbaugh, pp. Martyrs Mirror, published in 1660, documents much of the persecution of Anabaptists and their predecessors, including accounts of over 4,000 burnings of individuals, and numerous stonings, imprisonments, and live burials. In the early days of the Anabaptist movement, Menno Simons, a Catholic priest in the Low Countries, heard of the movement and started to rethink his Catholic faith. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (19171921), all of these farms (whose owners were called Kulaks) and enterprises were expropriated by local peasants or the Soviet government. ]: 1717)Google Scholar. Today, the greatest differences between the Amish and Mennonites stem mainly from practices rather than beliefs. Some churches prefer hymns and choirs; others make use of contemporary Christian music with electronic instruments. This style of music serves as a reminder to many Mennonites of their simple lives, as well as their history as a persecuted people. ), The Letters of Ludwig Keller to John Horsch, European Origins of the Brethren: A Source Book on the Beginnings of the Church of the Brethren in the Early Eighteenth Century, Eine Mennonitische Taufpredigt aus dem Jahre 1716,, Der schweizerische Protestantismus im XVIII. 101109Google Scholar; Hirst, Margaret E., Quakers in Peace and War (New York: George H. Doran, 1923)Google Scholar; Wright, Edward N., Conscientious Objectors in the Civil War (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1931)Google Scholar, the latter dealing with all the pacifist groups, but emphasizing more the Quakers. They felt the Mennonites had grown cold and formal, and were seeking greater emphasis on discipline, prayer and Bible study.