Replacement levels are adjusted slightly by season. At 64.2 career WAR, Trout has now compiled a Hall of Fame-worthy resume by his age-26 season. Did the writers and the Veterans committee make the right choice? Shortstop: +7.5 runs All images are property the copyright holder and are displayed here for informational purposes only. Yesterday's post covered Cubs pitching, today's discusses their offense and defense. Use without license or authorization is expressly prohibited. Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted Question, Comment, Feedback, or Correction? In 1901, the American League was formed, making it the second major league along with the National League. Our next stop is the Deadball Era. Brett Gardner: 2011's Nyjer Morgan? Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted It has pitchers and position players on one leaderboard to compare their WAR. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. A combined WAR leaderboard for teams would be great. Then you multiple that by the runs per win value divided by PA to put it on a scale of runs per PA, and then you multiply that by the number of PA the player had that year. Like every other stat, WAR isn't perfect, but it helps make meaningful comparisons between players across eras. Last week we covered the position players of the 19th century. UZR puts a run value to defense, attempting to quantify how many runs a player saved or gave up through their fielding prowess (or lack thereof) We list players at Third Base by WAR in their best five consecutive seasons. Intrepid batters (like King Kelly) would foul off pitches until they could draw a walk. Second Base: +2.5 runs KBO Leaders Batting, Pitching. All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. You will wind up with essentially an identical number as if you use the Pythagpat formula and matches the real life runs per win relationship just as well. Historical WAR & WAR Graphs by David Appelman May 28, 2010 Full historical WAR for all position players has been added to the site! Our formula looks like this: RPW = 9*(MLB Runs Scored / MLB Innings Pitched)*1.5 + 3. . To that end, calculating replacement level runs proceeds like this. Join our linker program. We will consider each aspect of the equation in turn, but the basic structure is that we take Batting, Base Running, and Fielding runs above average, add in a positional adjustment, a league adjustment, and then add in runs so that we are comparing to replacement level instead of average. You can read more about the state of the site here. JAWS: The average of Career WAR and WAR7. It is based on the run environment and is usually between 9 and 10. These links take you to the FanGraphs page by position and ranks the players by career WAR. Updated: Saturday, March 4, 2023 3:30 AM ET, Park Factors It is also the difference between RA9-Wins and FanGraphs' standard FIP-based pitching WAR. We're asking for your help to make it through the offseason and ensure that we're here to cover baseball in the 2021 season and beyond. All Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com. Since 1992, there have been only 4 first baseman to have 20+ WAR by age 26. This will tell you how many extra runs you need to add to the entire league per PA and then you multiply that by the specific players PA. Major League and Minor League Baseball data provided by Major League Baseball. All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. Copyright 2000-2023 Sports Reference LLC. and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. All logos are the trademark & property of their owners and not Sports Reference LLC. Despite this his WAR was higher at 3.5. Atom Do you have a blog? Watch our How-To Videos to Become a Stathead, Subscribe to Stathead and get access to more data than you can imagine. The unit price of 1 WAR is the cost of a win, or $/WAR. If a player has played multiple positions, you simply calculate the adjustment separately and add them together. All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. All Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com. The run value of a caught stealing changes from year to year to reflect the changing value of runs and outs over the season. There will be Win Probability and Fielding career leaderboards eventually, but its going to take a bit more work. All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. We present them here for purely educational purposes. Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted by Retrosheet. Links to player pages (career WAR in parentheses): I'm an expat living in Japan since 2003, doing sales and marketing work. Updated: Saturday, March 4, 2023 3:30 AM ET, Park Factors More of my work is. Surprisingly, there's quite a lot of agreement between the ZiPS list and the FanGraphs list at the top of the pitching ranks. All major league baseball data including pitch type, velocity, batted ball location, David Appelman is the creator of FanGraphs. That cheapness led to the first players strike in 1908, and may have contributed to the Black Sox scandal in 1919. WAR5C: Best 5 consecutive seasons by Wins Above Replacement. Data Provided By Win Expectancy, Run Expectancy, and Leverage Index calculations provided by Tom Tango of InsideTheBook.com, and co-author of The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball. Here's a look at the Phillies leaders in career Wins Above Replacement, according to FanGraphs' calculation. Although there was a massive jump around 1992. Many thanks to him. To calculate their wRAA, do the following: wRAA is simply a non-adjusted Batting Runs. In other words, this is the leagues runs scored per nine innings times 1.5, plus three. More of my work is available on Henkakyuu, my personal blog. FanGraphs and Baseball-Reference have the same replacement level (1,000 WAR per 2,430 games played) and we allocate 57% of the WAR to position players and 43% to pitchers. Effectively Wild Episode 1976: Season Preview Series: Dodgers and Cubs, The Weakest Positions on National League Contenders. Logos were compiled by the amazing SportsLogos.net. The overall equation for WAR is: WAR = (Batting Runs + Base Running Runs + Fielding Runs + Positional Adjustment + League Adjustment +Replacement Runs) / (Runs Per Win). All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. Major League and Minor League Baseball data provided by Major League Baseball. You can calculate wSB yourself, however. Do you have a sports website? by Retrosheet. Copyright 2000-2023 Sports Reference LLC. SP. Looking at that runs per game chart makes the whole kerfuffle over the so called steroids era seem pretty overblown. Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted We have tools and resources that can help you use sports data. WAR combines a number of inputs, but all of which are available on the site. Some defensive statistics Copyright Sports Info Solutions, 2010-2023. You need the players wOBA, PA, and home park factor and you need League Average wOBA (lgwOBA), the wOBA Scale, MLB R/PA (lgR/PA), and the specific league (AL or NL) wRC and PA for non-pitchers. 0.95 for 95): Batting Runs = wRAA + (lgR/PA (PF*lgR/PA))*PA + (lgR/PA (AL or NL non-pitcher wRC/PA))*PA. The run value of the positional adjustments are based on empirically derived comparisons from a number of years ago. Major League and Minor League Baseball data provided by Major League Baseball. He joined the Diamondbacks in free agency the following year and produced a career-high 125 wRC+ and 1.5 WAR during the shortened season. Some defensive statistics Copyright Sports Info Solutions, 2010-2023. and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. Major League and Minor League Baseball data provided by Major League Baseball. Albert Pujols has a comfortable lead among active players and the first base WAR lead. It would be unwieldy to included everything about how we calculate the precise value of taking an extra base in this post, for example, but the links will fill in the gaps. That is the beginning of the two-league system we still enjoy today. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. The primary role is determined by looking at all the appearance the player has made, it works well with players in the traditional roles. We need your support to make FanGraphs sustainable so you can continue to enjoy all of the stats and tools you've come to rely on, like The Leaderboards. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. All rights reserved. Join our linker program. by Retrosheet. That jump looks to be about as large as the jump from 1968s Year of the Pitcher to 1969, when the lowered the mound in response. The league adjustment fixes this and has a very tiny impact on player value. If you had a Hall of Fame ballot for this period, which 21 players would you pick? From 2003-2010, Pujols averaged 8.7 WAR per season. Here in the FanGraphs Library, we have many pages devoted to extremely detailed breakdowns of some of our most prominent statistics. Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted You so great. But the owners were cheap back then. Also, if you're feeling ambitious, it's possible to calculate wRAA using linear weights. Its available in the career leaderboards and on the individual player pages currently and will work its way to some other sections of the site pretty soon. Ive updated this (and the previous graph) based on his suggestion. All Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com. If you would like to learn about WAR for pitchers, you can find the necessary details over atthis Library pageand if you want to know about WAR in general and how to use it, check out this page. by Retrosheet. by Retrosheet. The other new feature are the WAR graphs where you can compare up to 4 players at a time in various ways: Just a quick note that these two graphs in particular were inspired by work done over at Beyond the Box Score. RAR (Runs Above Replacement): The number of runs a player . CAREER WAR: Career Wins Above Replacement. Case in point, Lincecum and Bumgarner both have poor deliver time to HP with runners on base. All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. KBO Leaders Batting, Pitching. Minor League Leaders . What happens when a shortstop boots a ball but the runner doesnt subsequently score? Career Leaderboards | FanGraphs Baseball Career Leaderboards by David Appelman March 13, 2009 There are now career leaderboards for the Standard, Advanced, Batted Ball, and Win Values stats. Find out more. I'm an expat living in Japan since 2003, doing sales and marketing work. It is entirely possible that the positional adjustments could change over time, so it is important to understand that these are estimates. from their definition page The other thing to remember is that UZR isnt going to work well in small sample sizes, especially a couple of months or less. All logos are the trademark & property of their owners and not Sports Reference LLC. Wins Above Replacement (WAR), FanGraphs hallmark statistic, attempts to estimate a players total value relative to a free available player, such as a minor league free agent. Key [ edit] Drew Rom. UZR is calculated using video tracking data from Baseball Info Solutions as developed byMitchell Lichtman. Yeah it really puts it into perspective. We need your support to make FanGraphs sustainable so you can continue to enjoy all of the stats and tools you've come to rely on, like The Leaderboards. You can read about UZR here and about defensive statistics more generally here. The most famous is likely Patriots Pythagpat, which is is win estimator we use elsewhere on the site. There were still tremendous players in that era. Many thanks to him. Updated: Saturday, March 4, 2023 3:30 AM ET, Park Factors Wins Above Replacement (WAR) is a concept rather than one individual statistic. ), Pitch Type Abbreviations & Classifications, about defensive statistics more generally here, Stolen Base Runs (rSB) aspect of Defensive Runs Saved and Runs Saved on Passed Pitches (RPP). There are now career leaderboards for the Standard, Advanced, Batted Ball, and Win Values stats sections for both batters and pitchers. The Total WAR column will display his batting (position player) WAR + pitching WAR. For catchers we use the Stolen Base Runs (rSB) aspect of Defensive Runs Saved and Runs Saved on Passed Pitches (RPP) because there is no UZR for catchers. and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. Updated Combined WAR Leaderboard | FanGraphs Baseball Updated Combined WAR Leaderboard by Sean Dolinar April 21, 2018 Within our Leaders menu there sits a Combined WAR Leaderboard under. That yearwould also see the first World Series, held every year (except 1904, and other strike years). This will add between 0 and 5 runs to a players value per season based on their league and PA. Beyond Rojas and Taylor, the next man up at shortstop is probably Yonny Hernandez, a 24-year-old switch-hitter whom the Dodgers purchased from the A's in December, his third time changing teams. If you have ways you think I can improve this graphic, please let me know. Base Running (BsR) is FanGraphs' all encompassing base running statistic that turns stolen bases, caught stealings, and other base running plays (taking extra bases, being thrown out on the bases, etc) into runs above and below average.It is the combination of Weighted Stolen Base Runs (wSB), Weighted Grounded Into Double Play Runs (wGDP), and Ultimate Base Running (UBR) which are all . To adjust wRAA for park and league, you do the following with the park factor expressed as a decimal (i.e. This affects Poseys rSB because a few tenths of a second will let the runner be safe instead of out. All major league baseball data including pitch type, velocity, batted ball location, and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. Baltimore Orioles. by Handedness, Job Posting: Marlins Baseball Operations Analyst Intern, Job Posting: MLBAM Data Science Internship, Baseball Data. While listening to 670 The Score in Chicago one of the personalities went on a misguided excursion into advanced metrics by stating that ho Not all errors are created equal. Brooklyn-based Jay Jaffe is a senior writer for FanGraphs, the author of The Cooperstown Casebook (Thomas Dunne Books, 2017) and the creator of the JAWS (Jaffe WAR Score) metric for Hall of Fame analysis . Become a Stathead All Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com. Compared to WAR for pitchers, calculating position player WAR is a walk in the park. This leaderboard is a candidate for additional overhaul and expansion, so let us know if there are additional features that would be useful for a combined WAR leaderboard. Fangraphs Career WAR Leaders; Justin Duchscherer Should Help O's . Or write about sports? In the seasons since then, the only player who's led the second-place finisher by a wider margin than Ohtani did this season is Barry Bonds, who did it in. Given that the definition for WAR is somewhat subjective, different groups . With no further adieu, here is the graph showing the best position players of the Deadball Era: When I changed the methodology, I updated the above graphic. Discover the current and all time season leaders in Seasonal, Offensive, Defensive, and Pitching Wins Above Replacement in Major League Baseball on ESPN.com MLB Wins Above Replacement - 2022 Season: On the all-time WAR leaderboards, Molina is still well behind Johnny Bench, Carlton Fisk, and Gary Carter no matter which WAR you choose. Its simpler, both conceptually and mathematically, and its relatively straightforward to calculate. All images are property the copyright holder and are displayed here for informational purposes only. FanGraphs and Baseball-Reference have the same replacement level (1,000 WAR per 2,430 games played) and we allocate 57% of the WAR to position players and 43% to pitchers. Where does it state that UZR is NOT reliable from year to year? In 2018, Trout begins to realize those typical peak years and lives up to those Mantle comparisons, replicating Mantle's age-26 season. WAR for Position Players introduction series: Piper was the editor-in-chief of DRaysBay and the keeper of the FanGraphs Library. As a result, we add an adjustment for this. Full historical WAR for all position players has been added to the site! Minor League Leaders . Mike Schmidt, 106.5 Schmidt, the best player in team history, amassed more WAR than any other Phillie, spending his whole career in Philadelphia from 1972-1989. The Win Values and Batted Ball leaderboards do not include data prior to 2002 because we just dont have that data yet. Of the 65 Position Players in the top 500 Wins Above Replacement, 21 are in the Hall of Fame. Our park factors carry on for more digits than just the two or three that are shown, as does the R/PA, etc. For instance, an average regular (meaning the 15th-best guy at a given position, give or take) generally produces about 2 WAR annually . Updated: Saturday, March 4, 2023 3:30 AM ET, Park Factors The SPORTS REFERENCE and STATHEAD trademarks are owned exclusively by Sports Reference LLC. Major League Leaders Batting: 2022, 2021 , 2020, 2019 . Or write about sports? Ive heard of some of them, like John McGraw (though he played half his career in the 19th century), Frank Chance (from the Tinker to Evers to Chance combo that marks the last time the Cubs won the World Series in 1907 1908), Nap Lajoie, Honus Wagner, and Sam Crawford. Career Leaders & Records for Wins Above Replacement | Baseball-Reference.com Career Leaders & Records for Wins Above Replacement Create your own custom leaderboards Become a Stathead today and run queries with our Season and Career Finders to see the best seasons in MLB history. Right Field: -7.5 runs You can find the values for each year here. Total WAR is unaffected by roles. For example, Torii Hunters WAR in 2002 was 3.2 and he had a .858 OPS with 23 stolen bases. Originally, foul balls were not counted as strikes. Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted Use without license or authorization is expressly prohibited. All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. All major league baseball data including pitch type, velocity, batted ball location, and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. As we know, the game itself has changed over the last century. Pujols and Miggy are the only ones with more than Freeman's 21.5 WAR (the 4th is Frank Thomas at 20.4 WAR, but he'd have 30 if 1990-91 were included). Once you get to one and three-year samples, its a relatively solid metric but defensive itself is quite variable so you need a good amount of data for the metrics to become particularly useful. You compared it to a sample size of two season and used one player as an example versus multiple seasons and dozens of players. So far, all of the components have been relative to league average. and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. Win Expectancy, Run Expectancy, and Leverage Index calculations provided by Tom Tango of InsideTheBook.com, and co-author of The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball. In this case, the run value of a stolen base is set at .2 runs for all seasons. The run to win converter is also adjusted by season, but its generally going to be right around 10. by Handedness. Each leagues Batting Runs + Base Running Runs + Fielding Runs + Positional Adjustment often total to something slightly different from zero. Question, Comment, Feedback, or Correction? ), The 2013 Mistake Index--Fielding Errors, Pitching Mishaps and Base Running Gaffes by Teams AND Their Opponents, FanGraphs Best Players of All-Time by WAR, The 2013 Cubs Reviewed--Hitting and Defense, Scoring When the Leadoff Hitter Reaches Base, 670 The Score--Chicago Sports Radio (listen between 9am-1pm at your own risk except when Matt Abbatacola does the updates). Designated Hitter: -17.5 runs. However, for our RPW number we use a simplified version developed by Tom Tango that winds up matching Pythagpat give or take about .02 runs per win in any given year. He may have slowed down over the years, but he is one of the greatest players ever. It's available in the career leaderboards and on the. To calculate Batting Runs Above Average you only need to know three things about a player and several things about the league in general. Check it out here. 2000 onward are based on Tangotigers positional adjustments. Logos were compiled by the amazing SportsLogos.net. All major league baseball data including pitch type, velocity, batted ball location, For example, if an 81-81 team has a run differential of zero, what would you expect the run differential to be for a team that is 82-80? Become a Stathead today and run queries with our, Most Unique Players by Age by Similarity Scores, Most Games without a World Series Appearance, Most Games without a Postseason Appearance, Highest Career and Single-Season Salaries, Scores from any date in Major League history, Minor, Foreign, College, & Black Baseball, Frequently Asked Questions about MLB and Baseball, Subscribe to Stathead Baseball: Get your first month FREE. Fangraphs Career WAR Leaders Fan Projection Targets: New Strikeout Wizards Matt Garza Is Aaron Harang? Major League Teams Man am i glad this site exists. WAR is context neutral, meaning players do not get additional credit for hitting with men on base or in high leverage situations. Runs Per Out is simply runs scored in the season divided by outs in the season. Find out more. The first step is to find Weighted Runs Above Average (wRAA) from the players wOBA, or you may simply find their wRAA on FanGraphs. The last two years haven't been kind to him, however. First Base: -12.5 runs WAR3: Top 3 seasons, based on Wins Above Replacement. We have tools and resources that can help you use sports data. All Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com. by Retrosheet. by Handedness. Expansion | Free Agency | Modern Era. Catcher First Base Second Base Third Base Shortstop Left Field Center Field Right Field 30. Further, the environment that these players grew up in was advantageous to pitching. Below you will find a section on each of these components as well as links to entries that relate to those parts of the calculation. Some high school data is courtesy David McWater. The seasonal constants for wSB can be found alongside thewOBAconstantshere. We currently do not include framing runs in WAR for catchers, and catcher defense is admittedly the most difficult to measure in general. Some high school data is courtesy David McWater. FanGraphs Best Players of All-Time by WAR These links take you to the FanGraphs page by position and ranks the players by career WAR. Play-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted and play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions. This is because of rounding. Below is the method for calculating WAR for position players. He is. In 1901, all fouls became strikes in the National League, followed by 1903 for the American league. Andrew Painter Threw Five Pitches to Carlos Correa, The Sleeper and the Bust Episode: 1145 2023 Starting Pitcher Preview Pt. There are a variety of ways to arrive at RPW. by Retrosheet. 1. Like every other stat, WAR isn't perfect, but it helps make meaningful comparisons between players across eras. This was necessary because a certain two-way player started playing in the league this season. Major League Players Current Greats: Clayton Kershaw, Mike Trout, Mookie Betts, Jacob deGrom, Miguel Cabrera, Zack Greinke, Jose Altuve , . David Appelman is the creator of FanGraphs. Which Third Baseman had the most Career WAR? Foregone conclusions as recently as two weeks ago have been upended. Full-year historical Major League statistics provided by Pete Palmer and Gary Gillette of Hidden Game Sports. the official stats partner of the NBA, NHL and MLB. Data Provided By Furthermore, in his back to back MVP seasons in 2008-2009, Pujols hit .352/.452/.656 with 84 home runs, 251 RBI, and 373 hits. WAR is an estimate of value and should be treated as the center of a range of possibilities rather than a precise measure. Much of the play-by-play, game results, and transaction information both shown and used to create certain data sets was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted by RetroSheet. For players who play multiple positions simply add their fielding runs from all positions. Do you have a sports website? All major league baseball data including pitch type, velocity, batted ball location, by Handedness. Fangraphs Career WAR Leaders Fan Projections Update The Pujols Contract I'm an expat living in Japan since 2003, doing sales and marketing work. Eight of the top nine prospects in ZiPS are basically the top pitching prospects on Eric and Tess' list. 80 scouting scale (where 50 is average and each integer of 10 away from 50 represents one standard deviation) that uses WAR production to set the scale. Updated: Saturday, March 4, 2023 3:30 AM ET, Park Factors League wOBA, wOBA Scale, and R/PA can be found here. The league adjustment is a small correction to make it so that each leagues runs above average balances out to zero. Many historical player head shots courtesy of David Davis. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. Also since 1992, Abreu ranks 21st in WAR among first baseman for ages 27-35, just behind Fred McGriff. Center Field: +2.5 runs Do you have a blog? The process reflects the average number of runs a team needs to score in order to add one win to their total. Fielding runs are relative to position average, but we need to include the fact that it is harder to play average shortstop than it is to play average first base. ( You wont be able to calculate UBR yourself because it requires video tracking data from Baseball Info Solutions, but wGDP is essentially a comparison between a players expected number of double plays and their true number of double plays measured in runs. The SPORTS REFERENCE and STATHEAD trademarks are owned exclusively by Sports Reference LLC. Total Zone Rating and initial framework for Wins above Replacement calculations provided by Sean Smith. Below is a breakdown of exactly how we calculate WAR for position players. Weve made an update, so the leaderboard now displays Total WAR, and not just WAR from their primary role. 5: One More SP Episode, Jake Mailhots 2023 Ottoneu Starting Pitcher Rankings, Starting Pitchers Arent Leaning On Their Best Pitches. Batting average, for example, is defined as hits per at bat, but WAR is defined as the number of wins a player adds to his team compared to a replacement level player. by Handedness, Plate Discipline (O-Swing%, Z-Swing%, etc. From 2017-19, he put up a 94 wRC+ and accumulated 3.5 WAR, with a career-high 33 home runs in his final season for Los Angeles. If a pitcher doesnt hold a runner on, doesnt the catchers rSB go down? All UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman. Positional adjustments prior to 2000 are based off Sean Smiths positional adjustments by decade. This literally means it is measuring how valuable a players defense skill is with respect to runs allowed for his teams total runs allowed. You can find "wOBA scale" values for any year from 1871-2010 here, and league-average wOBA for every year can be found on the FanGraphs leaderboards.The exact wOBA scale value varies on a year-to-year basis in order to set wOBA on the same scale as league-average OBP. A defensive game for these purposes is simply nine innings played at that position. In 2009, Ethier matched the previous year's 132 OPS+ while hitting a career-high 31 homers and reaching 3.0 WAR. Many historical player head shots courtesy of David Davis. More of my work is available on Henkakyuu, my. All Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com. Babe Ruth is the all-time leader in WAR with a value of 183.1. In addition to his work at Rotographs, Justin is the lead fantasy writer/analyst and co-owner for FriendswithFantasyBenefits.com, and the owner of The Great Fantasy Baseball Invitational.