a. ended the Cold War (FALSE) b. brought the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. close to nuclear war (TRUE) c. destroyed missiles in Cuba pointed at the U.S. (TRUE) d. led to a UN invasion of Cuba (FALSE) Q 2. a. eliminated poverty (FALSE) b. created so many anti-poverty programs that the middle class resented them (TRUE) The Peacekeeper program began in 1971 as the missile experimental (MX) system as a way to increase the U.S. counterstrike capabilities against the Soviet Union, which at the time was focusing on constructing hardened shelters and missile defense systems. What is 'Satan II,' Russia's new nuclear missile? What about stealth bombers? Only the Space Based Laser seemed to have any hope of developing in the short term, but it was growing in size due to its fuel consumption. SALT I and SALT II were two US-Soviet arms reduction summits, held in 1972 and 1979. Shultzs assessment proved to be correct. On June 28, 1985, David Lorge Parnas resigned from SDIO's Panel on Computing in Support of Battle Management, arguing in eight short papers that the software required by the Strategic Defense Initiative could never be made to be trustworthy and that such a system would inevitably be unreliable and constitute a menace to humanity in its own right. Under the SDIO's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office,[9][10][11] headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson,[12][13][14][15] the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories, universities, and in industry; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics, supercomputing/computation, advanced materials, and many other critical science and engineering disciplines and funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists. Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) systems were . Maybe that is the greatest benefit (251). cold war vocabulary Flashcards | Quizlet - Learning tools & flashcards This lack of natural light causes a slowing in plant and animal growth, making farming difficult or impossible. Strategic Air Command (or SAC) It played an indispensable role in ensuring the predictability and . Ambassador to Canada Thomas Niles explained, The Europeans saw SDI as an indication that the United States, at least theoretically, was interested in backing away from this commitment to Europe and building a Fortress America, with this high-tech system that would protect us, but not them.. This device would destroy the ICBM reentry vehicle on collision. Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power, and the Victory of the American Ideal. The Prague Spring refers to a liberal reform movement in socialist Czechoslovakia in 1968. Also, since only the projectile leaves the gun, a railgun system can potentially fire many times before needing to be resupplied. Scroll down to learn more. FLAGE scored a direct hit against a MGM-52 Lance missile in flight, at White Sands Missile Range in 1987. It is part of the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program. Ballistic missiles are used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological, or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory.The term "anti-ballistic missile" is a generic term conveying a system designed to intercept and destroy any type of ballistic threat; however, it is . NDA, which still exists today, has studied the possibilities of space-based anti-ballistic missile technology, as SDI once did, although without any significant results to date. The Cold War: A New History. By 1966, the U.S. Navy had built 41 Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines, dubbed " 41 for Freedom ," loaded with a combined total of 656 missiles. The U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, known as START I, was signed 31 July 1991 by U.S. President George H.W. But we could not risk exposure of the administration's role and take the chance of another McCarthy period. A Soviet military A-35 anti-ballistic missile system was deployed around Moscow to intercept enemy ballistic missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It was a significant element of the US nuclear arsenal during the Cold War. It was able to fly at high altitude, avoiding enemy radar detection and surface-to-air missile systems. George Shultz, Reagan's secretary of state, suggested that a 1967 lecture by physicist Edward Teller (the so-called "father of the hydrogen bomb") was an important precursor to SDI. nuclear fallout Chapter 29: Conservative Revival, 1977-1990 Flashcards | Quizlet The UN has many roles, including investigating international problems and forming resolutions to avoid conflict. The Soviet Union retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis - Logo Of The BBC Boost Surveillance and Tracking System was part of the SDIO in the late 1980s, and was designed to assist detection of missile launches, especially during the boost phase; however, once the SDI program shifted toward theater missile defense in the early 1990s, the system left SDIO control and was transferred to the Air Force. satellite nation As far back as 1946, the United States had began to research ABM systems capable of intercepting short-range weapons akin to the German V-2 of World War 2. Although they protested the development of SDI, the opposition of the United States European allies had little effect on the programs development. Tsar Bomba [69] LACE was also used to evaluate ground-based adaptive optics, a technique now used in civilian telescopes to remove atmospheric distortions. South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (or SEATO) Perestroika restructured the economy in an effort to supply goods and services to the Soviet people. [76] Brilliant Pebbles later became the centerpiece of a revised architecture under the Bush Administration SDIO. Date accessed: March 04, 2023 Warsaw Pact Once again, however, Reagan offered to share SDI technology with the Soviet Union, although not all of his advisors shared his enthusiasm for the proposal. In this speech Khrushchev denounced the tyranny, brutality and abuses of power under his predecessor, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. SDI design and operational planning had to factor in these countermeasures and the associated cost. Signed on May 14, 1955, the Warsaw Pact established the Warsaw Treaty Organization, a mutual defense alliance that was originally composed of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Paul Nitze, Cold War Arms Expert, Dies at 97, "Threat and Opportunity: The Soviet View of the Strategic Defense Initiative". On the other hand, many others[who?] The Secret Speech was an address given to the Congress of Soviets by Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev in February 1956. This program was immediately dubbed "Star Wars." An artist's rendering of an X-ray laser hit an incoming missile. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. [63] The system was later tested on target drones simulating cruise missiles for the US Navy, with some success. It often involves radical political ideas and some violence. Gorbachev, Mikhail. During the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan initiated the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), an anti-ballistic missile program that was designed to shoot down nuclear missiles in space. It was designed to work in conjunction with BSTS, but was later scaled down in favor of the Brilliant Eyes program.[72]. In the lecture, Teller talked about the idea of defending against nuclear missiles using nuclear weapons, principally the W65 and W71, with the latter being a contemporary enhanced thermal/X-ray device used actively on the Spartan missile in 1975. Theyre banking on the USSRs fear of SDIin moral, economic, political, and military terms. Revisionist historians argue that the United States and its expansionist foreign policy were chiefly responsible for the Cold War. Reagan reportedly was very taken by Tellers briefing on directed-energy weapons (DEWs), such as lasers and microwaves. The Homing Overlay Experiment (HOE) was the first hit-to-kill system tested by the US Army, and also the first successful hit-to-kill intercept of a mock ballistic missile warhead outside the Earth's atmosphere.[49]. superpower Although Reagan was sincerely invested in SDI for the purposes of national security and never intended for it to be a bargaining chip, many of his advisors acknowledged its potential as a negotiating tool. The Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately most effective not as an anti-ballistic missile defense system, but as a propaganda tool which could put military and economic pressure on the Soviet Union to fund their own anti-ballistic missile system. Socialism is a political system which aims to transition from capitalism to communism. The Strategic Defence Initiative was a missile defence program, initiated by the Reagan administration in 1983. For each test a Minuteman missile was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California carrying a single mock re-entry vehicle targeted for Kwajalein lagoon more than 4,000 miles (6,400km) away. [citation needed] Furthermore, the MAD argument was criticized on the grounds that MAD only covered intentional, full-scale nuclear attacks by a rational, non-suicidal opponent with similar values. In March 1984, Bethe coauthored a 106-page report for the Union of Concerned Scientists that concluded "the X-ray laser offers no prospect of being a useful component in a system for ballistic missile defense. Soviet bloc Another challenge with the railgun system is projectile survivability. Director: Marvin J. Chomsky | Stars: Joseph Cotten, Lloyd Haynes, Dewey Martin . Mutual Defense Assistance Act Two years later at a conference in Italy, he made the same claims about their ambitions, but with a subtle change; now he claimed that the reason for their boldness was their development of new space-based weapons. The announcement by Russian President Vladimir Putin that Russia would suspend its participation in the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) brings an unwelcome degree of clarity to a situation the United States almost certainly would have to face three years from now. Tiananmen Square is a large public square in Beijing, the capital city of China. It was founded to give Arab oil-producing nationsgreater leverage when dealing with US and Western oil companies. An Afghan guerrilla with a US-made Stinger anti-aircraft missile in this photo taken between November 1987 and January 1988. . Teller argued that DEWs could potentially defend against a nuclear attack, characterizing them as the third generation of nuclear weapons after fission and thermonuclear weapons, respectively (Rhodes 179). Missile Defense Systems at a Glance - Arms Control Association Theyre pursuing this program to wear us out (Rhodes 224). The nuclear football travels with the president wherever he goes. Edward Teller, for example, was an early proponent of the satellite X-ray laser, although it was ultimately ineffective. The Soviet effort was small before August 1945. Take a look inside a Cold War nuclear missile silo complex for sale in The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), derisively nicknamed the "Star Wars program", was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles). Nuclear explosions give off a huge burst of X-rays, which the Excalibur concept intended to focus using a lasing medium consisting of metal rods. The United States holds a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through decades of extensive research and testing; a number of these concepts and obtained technologies and insights were transferred to subsequent programs.[5][6][7][8]. U.S. announces withdrawal from INF nuclear arms treaty with Russia Project A119 was an American project, devised in 1958 to secure advantage in the Space Race. SDI was likely seen not only as a threat to the physical security of the Soviet Union, but also as part of an effort by the United States to seize the strategic initiative in arms controls by neutralizing the military component of Soviet strategy. As Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger explained, The fact is, deployment will not occur unless a defensive system is developed that would better contribute in better ways to deterrence than the arrangement which now keeps the peace, as it has for nearly 40 years (OConnell 77). This requirement of being "cost effective at the margin" was first formulated by Paul Nitze in November 1985.[82]. This boost phase intercept rendered MIRV impotent; a successful attack would destroy all of the warheads. missile gap